economic crisis not all otbil hunt for regional integration. While some countries are hit in protectionism, while others are trying to liberalize trade, and let the local level. This year was entered into several important new agreements, and Ukraine start negotiations on joining the European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
Fashion
on regional trade agreements (RTAs) is gaining momentum. Each member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) signed at least one such agreement. Already, more agreements than the country - 247, and in 2010 the number of RTAs could reach 400. This new wave of regionalism has some peculiarities. First, for many of the regional agreements are becoming an important element of trade policy, pushed to second place the multilateral negotiations. Secondly, the agreements have become increasingly complex, they often include more aspects (eg, not only trade in goods but also services and investment), including those that are not regulated under the WTO. And third, a point of association to enlarge huge trading blocs. Finally, a growing number of agreements between distant countries, based on no neighborhood, and strategic cooperation (like the EU-South Korea).
In the future
can reach even up to the continental associations. It has long been under negotiation for the establishment of the American free-trade zone (FTAA). By 2019, almost all African countries are going to enter into a customs union. But already by 2010 it is the integration of EU states with so-called Barcelona process, which includes Asian and African countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea.
Thanks to the WTO, and
WTO rules allow the signing of regional trade agreements. The rules contained in the 24 th article of GATT (for goods) and the 5 th article of GATS (services). In addition, later adopted by the so-called resolution amendment (enabling clause) allows developing countries to reduce tariffs for each other, not lowering them for the rest of the States. The conditions are: the RTS should be transparent and neutral in relation to third parties. Although questions about compliance has arisen in the first major signing of the agreement (the Rome Agreement of 1957, the prototype of the EU), all RTAs refer to any of these articles.
now the World Trade Organization has paid much attention to the RTS. In the 1996-meters was set up a committee that deals with trade blocs. In particular it will examine their standards for compatibility with WTO rules (though not a single adverse decision had not yet been). Recently, the Committee meets on the rise. Earlier this year, the organization launched its website in a special database of all RTAs. The last book, published by the WTO, is also devoted to this subject - Multilateral Regionalism: Challenges for the world trading system.
Judging from the written to the WTO director general Pascal Lamy Preface, the organization has little idea of what to do with the shaft of new agreements. Debate about the good or bad regionalism, devoid of meaning. There is a need to examine how regional agreements work, how they affect trade flows and the trading system itself, whether they are distracted from the state of multilateral negotiations, - says Lamy. In other words, the organization is going through a long phase of digestion RTS.
Some believe that a wave of trade agreements bode well for the WTO does not promise. Professor Bhagwati of Columbia University Dzhegdish also devoted to this subject an entire book, released in July 2008. She has a clear title - Termites in the trading system. According to Bhagwati, new RTS reduces the chances that rates will be cut worldwide as soon as the general liberalization will reduce the benefits received from these agreements. For example, some African and Caribbean States do not want to see the EU open its banana market to all: it will increase competition. Professor believes that the deal with these agreements is not possible, so as soon as possible to reduce tariffs around the world, and then regional agreements would lose meaning.
Meanwhile, a vicious circle was formed, because the delay in the reform of the WTO have forced countries to engage in trade liberalization at the local level. States each year are not watching progress in the multilateral liberalization, the insurance just in case of failure of the negotiations.
At the time, so it was with the Uruguay Round, which led to the creation of the WTO itself. He lasted nine years (1986-1994), and during this time had formed NAFTA and MERCOSUR in the Americas and in Asia SAFTA. The same thing is happening now, it began in 2001, the Doha Round quickly passed on the length of Uruguay. After the conference in Doha in force more than a hundred RTAs.
miserable semblance
question whether RTAs are good remains an open question. On the one hand, each new agreement, of course, trade liberalization. And in general, do not be from somebody, nobody would sign. On the other - this is discrimination because, giving preference to goods from some countries, is being one of the basic principles of the WTO - MFN (most favored nation, MFN). In accordance with the country, reducing import duties for a State is obliged to reduce them and to everyone else. In addition, a variety of trade agreements complicates trade policies and makes it less predictable.
Regional arrangements increase transaction costs. Countries have to develop and implement complex rules of origin to determine which goods are produced in such a country. It is not easy, given that the global economy catch in long and complex supply chain. As in past years, many countries have reduced tariffs, the exporter is sometimes easier to pay the full fee than tinker with the rules of origin. Thus, only five percent of trade among ASEAN countries is carried out at reduced rates set for their . As the expert British consultant on international trade policy, Michael Johnson, for example, tariff relief to African ECOWAS fully нивелируютÑÑ bribes, extorted at the border.
If
RTAs signed by countries of different size, a strong party may impose additional conditions of weak, irrelevant to the trade regime - for example, relating to the environment or the protection of intellectual property rights. It is not always advantageous. That's what happened in 2006, when it signed a free trade agreement between the United States and Peru, which entered into force this year. Peruvian President Alan Garcia had to go on improving social standards, to improve access for their producers in the U.S. market. Ostensibly wishing to raise standards of living in this country, Americans are in fact made the cost of increasing the local production and as a result - reduce the competitiveness of goods.
checkered relations with examples of many trading blocs. In NAFTA dominated by the United States, MERCOSUR - Brazil, in SAARC - India. I worked in the Maldives and Nepal, and to me difficult to understand what benefits they receive from membership in SAARC. India simply dominates in all matters, - said Michael Johnson. Ukraine, too, had felt the difference in the weight category. If we want to gain access to the EU market, it is necessary to maximally adapt to the rules, for which he works. There is hardly any market, a hundred times more of our will to adapt to our rules - the so commented on the establishment of a free trade zone with the EU, Deputy Minister Economy Valery Pyatnitsky.
ubiquitous policy
Political
are not only results but also the reasons for the signing of trade agreements. In the 1990's and then in 2007, discussed the possibility of creating a Transatlantic Free Trade Area (TAFTA) between the U.S. and the EU. It was a reaction to the growing economic power of China. Economic sense in that there is little: both sides are already among the lowest tariffs in the world (an average of 3.5 and 5.2% respectively). And Canada is now seeking to convergence with the EU - as a counterbalance to the total dependence on the United States under NAFTA.
The same applies to Ukraine. According to Valery Pyatnitsky, for reasons of image Kiev negotiates a free trade with Singapore. Indeed, trade with this country freer nowhere - her only one in the world, all import duties reduced to zero. Yes Develop agreements and Ukraine - the EU, according to Michael Johnson, is a policy of 100%.
Many of the free trade area really are not. They are - no more than an agreement on friendship and cooperation between countries that want to declare more than just friendship. In other words, those areas have little economic impact on the international trading system , - says Michael Johnson. In his view, the RTS did not have such harm to the multilateral trading system, according to some, because the WTO is functioning properly, it almost rules are not violated.
With Johnson
partially agrees expert of the International Institute for Policy Studies in Food (IFPRI) Antoine Bouet. Even if the Doha Round is completed, the multilateral trading system remain important. Only in the WTO has a system for resolving trade disputes, as well as (maximum) levels of tariffs, are insured against harmful trade war, - noted Bouet. However, he believes that regionalism still distracted state of the multilateral negotiations, and in this sense is destructive to the WTO. As for the reform of the multilateral trading system is needed every vote, to complete the Doha Round would be difficult, and hence the future of the world trade club - under threat.
not protectionism single
February 19 to reduce barriers to mutual trade have agreed to Switzerland and Japan. For Switzerland, this is the second largest area after a similar agreement with the EU, while for Japan - the first with a European state. Total GDP - 5.4 trillion dollars, population - 135 million people. The agreement called FTEPA, a 99% reduction in tariffs. The goal is that the document will enter into force as early as 2009, when the two parliaments ratify it. However, in the case of Japan to reduce certain fees provided for transition periods of up to 16 years.
February 27 countries of ASEAN (Association of the ten Southeast Asian countries), among which, since 1992, operates a free trade area, agreed with Australia and New Zealand to create an even greater area. It will cover the country with a population of 626 million people and GDP 2.64 trillion dollars. According to Australian Trade Minister Simon Crina, will eliminate about 96% tariff. All the rules of the agreement will come into force by 2020. In addition, representatives of countries involved in the annual meeting will discuss the removal of non-tariff barriers. This is in addition to signed in 2008 a similar agreement with ASEAN greater economies - India (population -1.1 trillion people, GDP - 1.2 trillion dollars).
June 8 Member States to the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) have agreed to convert this unit from the Free Trade Area of the customs union. At block 19 countries - from Libya and Egypt to Zimbabwe and Madagascar - accounted for 400 million people and 360 billion dollars of annual GDP. As the Director of COMESA Sindizo Ngvenya due to formation of a free trade zone from 2000 to 2007 the trade turnover between the countries have tripled, and now it is time to deepen integration.
9 June a meeting of the supreme body of the Customs Union of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan. According to First Vice-Premier of Russian Federation Igor Shuvalov, the country has already agreed on a unified customs tariff of 97%. Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev proposes to accelerate the formation of Union, and complete basic procedures before January 1, 2010. In turn, Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin said that the country will join the WTO as a whole (the population - 169 million GDP - 1.868 trillion dollars).
keep up with fashion
Ukraine also participates in regional traffic. We have - the full set of free trade areas with former Soviet republics (excluding the Baltic countries since they joined the EU). According to the deputy minister of economy Valery Pyatnitsky in September at the WTO will review all existing agreements with Ukraine, and now the ministry is preparing for the review. According to preliminary estimates, the agreements are effective: the Commonwealth of Independent States accounted for about 40% of external trade of our country. However, these agreements regulate trade in goods only, leaving behind services and investment.
C recently, Ukraine beginning Acquires RTA with the non-CIS countries. Specifically, one such (free trade zone with Macedonia) has since 2001, the rest of the agreement - subject to negotiation is closer to our entry into the WTO. In the 2007-meters have been negotiated with Singapore, in 2008-m - with the EU. Kiev on 21 April this year, began to negotiate with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA, to include Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland and 17 other states in the role of associate members).
Given the amount of work on these three agreements, and other negotiations are not yet under way, said expert Pyatnitsky. But in principle the plans are. For example, the first day of negotiations with EFTA was announced intention to begin negotiations with Canada. Yet we knock Turkey: the convergence of the country's ministry has instructed the scientists to prepare a feasibility study.
Dmitry Goryunov
Prices pair EUR /USD testing 1.4000 resistance level
The course has increased the dollar - a daily review of the cash markets
Expert: The proposed National Health Insurance means the imposition of new taxes
Expert: Players of Ukrainian stock market yesterday, closely follow the dynamics of the world's sites
The fall promproizvodstva in Ukraine in June 2009 slowed to 27.5%
Europe: Sales of cars are increasing, but the prospects for the industry is not pleased with
At 16.00 Moscow time the volume of trades in the market for government securities MICEX was 27.45 billion rubles
In the case of growth of oil reserves in the United States, possibly lowering the price of oil below $ 60 a barrel
In the remainder of the session, most likely continued growth of traffic on the MICEX index by 1%
Parallel trade measurement
economic crisis not all otbil hunt for regional integration. While some countries are hit in protectionism, while others are trying to liberalize trade, and let the local level. This year was entered into several important new agreements, and Ukraine start negotiations on joining the European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
Fashion
on regional trade agreements (RTAs) is gaining momentum. Each member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) signed at least one such agreement. Already, more agreements than the country - 247, and in 2010 the number of RTAs could reach 400. This new wave of regionalism has some peculiarities. First, for many of the regional agreements are becoming an important element of trade policy, pushed to second place the multilateral negotiations. Secondly, the agreements have become increasingly complex, they often include more aspects (eg, not only trade in goods but also services and investment), including those that are not regulated under the WTO. And third, a point of association to enlarge huge trading blocs. Finally, a growing number of agreements between distant countries, based on no neighborhood, and strategic cooperation (like the EU-South Korea).
In the future
can reach even up to the continental associations. It has long been under negotiation for the establishment of the American free-trade zone (FTAA). By 2019, almost all African countries are going to enter into a customs union. But already by 2010 it is the integration of EU states with so-called Barcelona process, which includes Asian and African countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea.
Thanks to the WTO, and
WTO rules allow the signing of regional trade agreements. The rules contained in the 24 th article of GATT (for goods) and the 5 th article of GATS (services). In addition, later adopted by the so-called resolution amendment (enabling clause) allows developing countries to reduce tariffs for each other, not lowering them for the rest of the States. The conditions are: the RTS should be transparent and neutral in relation to third parties. Although questions about compliance has arisen in the first major signing of the agreement (the Rome Agreement of 1957, the prototype of the EU), all RTAs refer to any of these articles.
now the World Trade Organization has paid much attention to the RTS. In the 1996-meters was set up a committee that deals with trade blocs. In particular it will examine their standards for compatibility with WTO rules (though not a single adverse decision had not yet been). Recently, the Committee meets on the rise. Earlier this year, the organization launched its website in a special database of all RTAs. The last book, published by the WTO, is also devoted to this subject - Multilateral Regionalism: Challenges for the world trading system.
Judging from the written to the WTO director general Pascal Lamy Preface, the organization has little idea of what to do with the shaft of new agreements. Debate about the good or bad regionalism, devoid of meaning. There is a need to examine how regional agreements work, how they affect trade flows and the trading system itself, whether they are distracted from the state of multilateral negotiations, - says Lamy. In other words, the organization is going through a long phase of digestion RTS.
Some believe that a wave of trade agreements bode well for the WTO does not promise. Professor Bhagwati of Columbia University Dzhegdish also devoted to this subject an entire book, released in July 2008. She has a clear title - Termites in the trading system. According to Bhagwati, new RTS reduces the chances that rates will be cut worldwide as soon as the general liberalization will reduce the benefits received from these agreements. For example, some African and Caribbean States do not want to see the EU open its banana market to all: it will increase competition. Professor believes that the deal with these agreements is not possible, so as soon as possible to reduce tariffs around the world, and then regional agreements would lose meaning.
Meanwhile, a vicious circle was formed, because the delay in the reform of the WTO have forced countries to engage in trade liberalization at the local level. States each year are not watching progress in the multilateral liberalization, the insurance just in case of failure of the negotiations.
At the time, so it was with the Uruguay Round, which led to the creation of the WTO itself. He lasted nine years (1986-1994), and during this time had formed NAFTA and MERCOSUR in the Americas and in Asia SAFTA. The same thing is happening now, it began in 2001, the Doha Round quickly passed on the length of Uruguay. After the conference in Doha in force more than a hundred RTAs.
miserable semblance
question whether RTAs are good remains an open question. On the one hand, each new agreement, of course, trade liberalization. And in general, do not be from somebody, nobody would sign. On the other - this is discrimination because, giving preference to goods from some countries, is being one of the basic principles of the WTO - MFN (most favored nation, MFN). In accordance with the country, reducing import duties for a State is obliged to reduce them and to everyone else. In addition, a variety of trade agreements complicates trade policies and makes it less predictable.
Regional arrangements increase transaction costs. Countries have to develop and implement complex rules of origin to determine which goods are produced in such a country. It is not easy, given that the global economy catch in long and complex supply chain. As in past years, many countries have reduced tariffs, the exporter is sometimes easier to pay the full fee than tinker with the rules of origin. Thus, only five percent of trade among ASEAN countries is carried out at reduced rates set for their . As the expert British consultant on international trade policy, Michael Johnson, for example, tariff relief to African ECOWAS fully нивелируютÑÑ bribes, extorted at the border.
If
RTAs signed by countries of different size, a strong party may impose additional conditions of weak, irrelevant to the trade regime - for example, relating to the environment or the protection of intellectual property rights. It is not always advantageous. That's what happened in 2006, when it signed a free trade agreement between the United States and Peru, which entered into force this year. Peruvian President Alan Garcia had to go on improving social standards, to improve access for their producers in the U.S. market. Ostensibly wishing to raise standards of living in this country, Americans are in fact made the cost of increasing the local production and as a result - reduce the competitiveness of goods.
checkered relations with examples of many trading blocs. In NAFTA dominated by the United States, MERCOSUR - Brazil, in SAARC - India. I worked in the Maldives and Nepal, and to me difficult to understand what benefits they receive from membership in SAARC. India simply dominates in all matters, - said Michael Johnson. Ukraine, too, had felt the difference in the weight category. If we want to gain access to the EU market, it is necessary to maximally adapt to the rules, for which he works. There is hardly any market, a hundred times more of our will to adapt to our rules - the so commented on the establishment of a free trade zone with the EU, Deputy Minister Economy Valery Pyatnitsky.
ubiquitous policy
Political
are not only results but also the reasons for the signing of trade agreements. In the 1990's and then in 2007, discussed the possibility of creating a Transatlantic Free Trade Area (TAFTA) between the U.S. and the EU. It was a reaction to the growing economic power of China. Economic sense in that there is little: both sides are already among the lowest tariffs in the world (an average of 3.5 and 5.2% respectively). And Canada is now seeking to convergence with the EU - as a counterbalance to the total dependence on the United States under NAFTA.
The same applies to Ukraine. According to Valery Pyatnitsky, for reasons of image Kiev negotiates a free trade with Singapore. Indeed, trade with this country freer nowhere - her only one in the world, all import duties reduced to zero. Yes Develop agreements and Ukraine - the EU, according to Michael Johnson, is a policy of 100%.
Many of the free trade area really are not. They are - no more than an agreement on friendship and cooperation between countries that want to declare more than just friendship. In other words, those areas have little economic impact on the international trading system , - says Michael Johnson. In his view, the RTS did not have such harm to the multilateral trading system, according to some, because the WTO is functioning properly, it almost rules are not violated.
With Johnson
partially agrees expert of the International Institute for Policy Studies in Food (IFPRI) Antoine Bouet. Even if the Doha Round is completed, the multilateral trading system remain important. Only in the WTO has a system for resolving trade disputes, as well as (maximum) levels of tariffs, are insured against harmful trade war, - noted Bouet. However, he believes that regionalism still distracted state of the multilateral negotiations, and in this sense is destructive to the WTO. As for the reform of the multilateral trading system is needed every vote, to complete the Doha Round would be difficult, and hence the future of the world trade club - under threat.
not protectionism single
February 19 to reduce barriers to mutual trade have agreed to Switzerland and Japan. For Switzerland, this is the second largest area after a similar agreement with the EU, while for Japan - the first with a European state. Total GDP - 5.4 trillion dollars, population - 135 million people. The agreement called FTEPA, a 99% reduction in tariffs. The goal is that the document will enter into force as early as 2009, when the two parliaments ratify it. However, in the case of Japan to reduce certain fees provided for transition periods of up to 16 years.
February 27 countries of ASEAN (Association of the ten Southeast Asian countries), among which, since 1992, operates a free trade area, agreed with Australia and New Zealand to create an even greater area. It will cover the country with a population of 626 million people and GDP 2.64 trillion dollars. According to Australian Trade Minister Simon Crina, will eliminate about 96% tariff. All the rules of the agreement will come into force by 2020. In addition, representatives of countries involved in the annual meeting will discuss the removal of non-tariff barriers. This is in addition to signed in 2008 a similar agreement with ASEAN greater economies - India (population -1.1 trillion people, GDP - 1.2 trillion dollars).
June 8 Member States to the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) have agreed to convert this unit from the Free Trade Area of the customs union. At block 19 countries - from Libya and Egypt to Zimbabwe and Madagascar - accounted for 400 million people and 360 billion dollars of annual GDP. As the Director of COMESA Sindizo Ngvenya due to formation of a free trade zone from 2000 to 2007 the trade turnover between the countries have tripled, and now it is time to deepen integration.
9 June a meeting of the supreme body of the Customs Union of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan. According to First Vice-Premier of Russian Federation Igor Shuvalov, the country has already agreed on a unified customs tariff of 97%. Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev proposes to accelerate the formation of Union, and complete basic procedures before January 1, 2010. In turn, Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin said that the country will join the WTO as a whole (the population - 169 million GDP - 1.868 trillion dollars).
keep up with fashion
Ukraine also participates in regional traffic. We have - the full set of free trade areas with former Soviet republics (excluding the Baltic countries since they joined the EU). According to the deputy minister of economy Valery Pyatnitsky in September at the WTO will review all existing agreements with Ukraine, and now the ministry is preparing for the review. According to preliminary estimates, the agreements are effective: the Commonwealth of Independent States accounted for about 40% of external trade of our country. However, these agreements regulate trade in goods only, leaving behind services and investment.
C recently, Ukraine beginning Acquires RTA with the non-CIS countries. Specifically, one such (free trade zone with Macedonia) has since 2001, the rest of the agreement - subject to negotiation is closer to our entry into the WTO. In the 2007-meters have been negotiated with Singapore, in 2008-m - with the EU. Kiev on 21 April this year, began to negotiate with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA, to include Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland and 17 other states in the role of associate members).
Given the amount of work on these three agreements, and other negotiations are not yet under way, said expert Pyatnitsky. But in principle the plans are. For example, the first day of negotiations with EFTA was announced intention to begin negotiations with Canada. Yet we knock Turkey: the convergence of the country's ministry has instructed the scientists to prepare a feasibility study.
Dmitry Goryunov
Prices pair EUR /USD testing 1.4000 resistance level
The course has increased the dollar - a daily review of the cash markets
Expert: The proposed National Health Insurance means the imposition of new taxes
Expert: Players of Ukrainian stock market yesterday, closely follow the dynamics of the world's sites
The fall promproizvodstva in Ukraine in June 2009 slowed to 27.5%
Europe: Sales of cars are increasing, but the prospects for the industry is not pleased with
At 16.00 Moscow time the volume of trades in the market for government securities MICEX was 27.45 billion rubles
In the case of growth of oil reserves in the United States, possibly lowering the price of oil below $ 60 a barrel
In the remainder of the session, most likely continued growth of traffic on the MICEX index by 1%