struggle for vodka remained a cornerstone of nationhood throughout Russia”s history.
Rollback regally
Russia”s state tries to control the production of alcohol as long as there is a Russian vodka - that is, from the time of Ivan III. Collection of land was very expensive pleasure. Meanwhile, monastic know-how, despite the relative novelty, has already begun to yield good profits holder. Grand Duke of Moscow tried to take him under control and nearly 1474 introduced a state monopoly on the sale of vodka. However, in the fight against the green dragon won, of course, snakes. ” Though not with God”s help, but not without the knowledge of: Church vodka lobby successfully defended their rights until the end of the reign of Ivan III in 1505.
quarter of a century later, his formidable namesake for a short time all the same trafficking vodka concentrated in the hands of the authorities. But the illegal manufacture and sale of alcohol did not stop never, despite the stringent measures taken by States to the moonshiner, or at the then terminology korchemnikam. And with legal sales are not everything went smoothly. By the beginning of XVІI century formed Taxed system. Governors have been strictly instructed to ensure that all trade was concentrated in the king”s taverns, and the violators to take the most stringent measures. Gives priority to annual growth in revenue to the treasury, and if it is provided, the Moscow audit inspections did not stick. The super-profits guaranteed at all stages of implementation. Be short, for example, local authorities have a couple of tons of grain, bread intended, korchemnik of him throw the moonshine, and state-owned tavern will take the implementation of a bucket or two, but credit pour. As a result, a number of areas have repeatedly disrupted agricultural activities: farmers have continued to “celebrate.” Bread has been missed, and the inability to pay debts caused in some cities, “excise riots.
They, of course, suppressed, but the authorities became clear that something needs to be addressed. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in 1652 convened a Zemsky “Cathedral of the taverns, which attempted to introduce a second vodka monopoly. Taxed system was abolished, and in taverns prohibited from trading in credit and barter. But trips to Eastern Europe so devastated by the treasury, that within ten years paying off the system had to be restored. In the short reign of his son Fyodor Boyarsky mnogoderzhavie “still managed to bring relative order in this area, though, and came not out of the public interest. Introduced by contract for sale of vodka to the state at a predetermined price. Contractors were big landlords - actually, the same nobles, who concluded a written contract with the State. Income of the state was the difference between the receiving and selling prices. So corruption from top to bottom corruption complicated life.
foundation empire
however, Peter I, desperately in need of funds to build an empire and military carpentry work in Europe, in 1705 once again reminded of paying off the system. What he needed was a reliable source of funding, therefore, relegated to pricey. In an effort to offset the costs, manufacturers raised prices and reduced product quality. Fearing a repetition of excise riots, in 1716, Peter allowed to freely engage in distilling, typing at the same time taxes on production volume and capacity of equipment. Perhaps, since the alcohol policy has become a major component of any image of Russia”s sovereign and head.
the way, Catherine II of state control over vodka production declined, and also for the good of the state. It provided the privilege of the nobility of distillation, freeing it from taxes. Volumes of the permitted production depended both on the noble titles, and from the ranks. Thus on the one hand takes into account the interests of the elite, but on the other - encourage the flow of personnel to the civil service. At the same time by selling vodka producers prohibited. All right, but not enough of corruption. So, state-owned drinking Chamber, created for the purchase of alcohol, had the right to choose suppliers. The result has been an inevitable return to the repurchase.
attempt to save the country from the financial crisis that followed the war of 1812, Alexander I finally found a strict monopoly on the wholesale sale of vodka. However, concern the Decembrist uprising Nicholas I restored the privilege of the nobles, returning to repurchase. But the empire, and many long fight, but the treasury emptied, so it had to impose excise tax on retail sales. Profit rose … with the price of vodka and abuse of tax-farmers. Alexander II finally lifted ransom, entering the excise tax on all the vodka offeredfor sale. Prices have fallen, but the quality has dropped. Grain alcohol were replaced potatoes, falsification took a massive scale. In this case, however, the bars were replaced taverns, where the drink was served necessarily snack. Started selling bottles (before take-away vodka sold a measure not less than a bucket). It has been established and the time trade alcohol, although this requirement has already started to be executed under Nicholas II, when the state monopoly has been introduced yet finalized.
Some rakes at all
By 1913, it accounted for up to one third of all revenues. All went well, but with the outbreak of the First World War, the government banned the sale of vodka in the period of hostilities. Alas, the usefulness of this measure was less than harm. The wholesale use of surrogates (cologne, incidentally, began to drink it then). And of course, corruption has flourished: who had access to the state reserves of alcohol ranks and pharmacists have become extremely popular people. And most important - state revenue fell sharply, distilleries and a number of related industries were virtually destroyed. This, rather than deliberate anti-alcohol campaign was due to the decision of the Soviet government to extend the ban on the manufacture and sale of alcohol. Forces and resources to restore the beverage industry was not.
In addition, in hunger translate grain for vodka was formless waste, so that in the first place under a ban was distilling. But after the civil war on vodka production was restored under full state control. It grew steadily, exceeding in its population growth. As in tsarist Russia, the proportion of alcohol money in the budget was very high. Gradually increased drunkenness in all layers of society. In the fight against this scourge of the Soviet government faced the same problems as the royal. And deal with them with the same efficiency.
Resolution of the CC CPSU “On strengthening the fight against drinking and bringing order to trade strong spirits” 1958-th and “On measures to strengthen the fight against alcohol and drugs” in 1972 compared with the reforms of Alexander II: they are just as limited places the number and timing of the sale of liquor. Harm from them was not, as there was no special benefit. Gorbachev”s infamous “drunk decree,” ie, a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR “On strengthening the struggle with alcoholism, is comparable with the decision to ban alcohol, taken under Nicholas II, - both in terms of elaboration and in its consequences. Total deficit, destruction and care in the shadow of an entire industry, increase the number of poisonings surrogates.
And the main thing - to 1990, when the decree was repealed, deteriorated financial condition of the state. It has lost much of the most profitable and stable fiscal position. The budget deficit has reached a catastrophic magnitude, which is largely determined the collapse of the Soviet economy and the collapse of the state. So the obvious similarity in its effects the events of late 80″s and the prohibition of production of vodka after the First World War is interesting and hardly accidental.
It is also curious that in 1992 the pendulum went in the opposite direction - in strict accordance with Russia”s state tradition, Boris Yeltsin, completely abolished the state monopoly on vodka, thereby completely depriving the state “vodka” component of the budget and refreshing low quality country liquor. Restoring monopoly, followed a year later, nothing has given: the government failed to fully achieve the new decree. The consequences of this decision have not been overcome until now.
Alex Kaftan
Two Comrades Were Serving
After the sale ISD is a few tens of non-core businesses. What future for these assets …
“Russian Alcohol” gone “Olympus”
Bank of Russia released in honor of the anniversary of a five-kilogram gold coin
In Kiev for parking on lawns fine even in winter
Judge: “weather” in the Ukrainian industry will do the one who gets control KGOKOR
BYuT broke into Mezhigorie
Increased cost without advertising
Surcharge for exterior
Kiev officials have developed a wage scale for inaccurate advertiscd8ers …
Air disaster
Sorokagradusnaya basis statehood
Russia has once again decided to overcome the green dragon …
struggle for vodka remained a cornerstone of nationhood throughout Russia”s history.
Rollback regally
Russia”s state tries to control the production of alcohol as long as there is a Russian vodka - that is, from the time of Ivan III. Collection of land was very expensive pleasure. Meanwhile, monastic know-how, despite the relative novelty, has already begun to yield good profits holder. Grand Duke of Moscow tried to take him under control and nearly 1474 introduced a state monopoly on the sale of vodka. However, in the fight against the green dragon won, of course, snakes. ” Though not with God”s help, but not without the knowledge of: Church vodka lobby successfully defended their rights until the end of the reign of Ivan III in 1505.
quarter of a century later, his formidable namesake for a short time all the same trafficking vodka concentrated in the hands of the authorities. But the illegal manufacture and sale of alcohol did not stop never, despite the stringent measures taken by States to the moonshiner, or at the then terminology korchemnikam. And with legal sales are not everything went smoothly. By the beginning of XVІI century formed Taxed system. Governors have been strictly instructed to ensure that all trade was concentrated in the king”s taverns, and the violators to take the most stringent measures. Gives priority to annual growth in revenue to the treasury, and if it is provided, the Moscow audit inspections did not stick. The super-profits guaranteed at all stages of implementation. Be short, for example, local authorities have a couple of tons of grain, bread intended, korchemnik of him throw the moonshine, and state-owned tavern will take the implementation of a bucket or two, but credit pour. As a result, a number of areas have repeatedly disrupted agricultural activities: farmers have continued to “celebrate.” Bread has been missed, and the inability to pay debts caused in some cities, “excise riots.
They, of course, suppressed, but the authorities became clear that something needs to be addressed. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in 1652 convened a Zemsky “Cathedral of the taverns, which attempted to introduce a second vodka monopoly. Taxed system was abolished, and in taverns prohibited from trading in credit and barter. But trips to Eastern Europe so devastated by the treasury, that within ten years paying off the system had to be restored. In the short reign of his son Fyodor Boyarsky mnogoderzhavie “still managed to bring relative order in this area, though, and came not out of the public interest. Introduced by contract for sale of vodka to the state at a predetermined price. Contractors were big landlords - actually, the same nobles, who concluded a written contract with the State. Income of the state was the difference between the receiving and selling prices. So corruption from top to bottom corruption complicated life.
foundation empire
however, Peter I, desperately in need of funds to build an empire and military carpentry work in Europe, in 1705 once again reminded of paying off the system. What he needed was a reliable source of funding, therefore, relegated to pricey. In an effort to offset the costs, manufacturers raised prices and reduced product quality. Fearing a repetition of excise riots, in 1716, Peter allowed to freely engage in distilling, typing at the same time taxes on production volume and capacity of equipment. Perhaps, since the alcohol policy has become a major component of any image of Russia”s sovereign and head.
the way, Catherine II of state control over vodka production declined, and also for the good of the state. It provided the privilege of the nobility of distillation, freeing it from taxes. Volumes of the permitted production depended both on the noble titles, and from the ranks. Thus on the one hand takes into account the interests of the elite, but on the other - encourage the flow of personnel to the civil service. At the same time by selling vodka producers prohibited. All right, but not enough of corruption. So, state-owned drinking Chamber, created for the purchase of alcohol, had the right to choose suppliers. The result has been an inevitable return to the repurchase.
attempt to save the country from the financial crisis that followed the war of 1812, Alexander I finally found a strict monopoly on the wholesale sale of vodka. However, concern the Decembrist uprising Nicholas I restored the privilege of the nobles, returning to repurchase. But the empire, and many long fight, but the treasury emptied, so it had to impose excise tax on retail sales. Profit rose … with the price of vodka and abuse of tax-farmers. Alexander II finally lifted ransom, entering the excise tax on all the vodka offeredfor sale. Prices have fallen, but the quality has dropped. Grain alcohol were replaced potatoes, falsification took a massive scale. In this case, however, the bars were replaced taverns, where the drink was served necessarily snack. Started selling bottles (before take-away vodka sold a measure not less than a bucket). It has been established and the time trade alcohol, although this requirement has already started to be executed under Nicholas II, when the state monopoly has been introduced yet finalized.
Some rakes at all
By 1913, it accounted for up to one third of all revenues. All went well, but with the outbreak of the First World War, the government banned the sale of vodka in the period of hostilities. Alas, the usefulness of this measure was less than harm. The wholesale use of surrogates (cologne, incidentally, began to drink it then). And of course, corruption has flourished: who had access to the state reserves of alcohol ranks and pharmacists have become extremely popular people. And most important - state revenue fell sharply, distilleries and a number of related industries were virtually destroyed. This, rather than deliberate anti-alcohol campaign was due to the decision of the Soviet government to extend the ban on the manufacture and sale of alcohol. Forces and resources to restore the beverage industry was not.
In addition, in hunger translate grain for vodka was formless waste, so that in the first place under a ban was distilling. But after the civil war on vodka production was restored under full state control. It grew steadily, exceeding in its population growth. As in tsarist Russia, the proportion of alcohol money in the budget was very high. Gradually increased drunkenness in all layers of society. In the fight against this scourge of the Soviet government faced the same problems as the royal. And deal with them with the same efficiency.
Resolution of the CC CPSU “On strengthening the fight against drinking and bringing order to trade strong spirits” 1958-th and “On measures to strengthen the fight against alcohol and drugs” in 1972 compared with the reforms of Alexander II: they are just as limited places the number and timing of the sale of liquor. Harm from them was not, as there was no special benefit. Gorbachev”s infamous “drunk decree,” ie, a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR “On strengthening the struggle with alcoholism, is comparable with the decision to ban alcohol, taken under Nicholas II, - both in terms of elaboration and in its consequences. Total deficit, destruction and care in the shadow of an entire industry, increase the number of poisonings surrogates.
And the main thing - to 1990, when the decree was repealed, deteriorated financial condition of the state. It has lost much of the most profitable and stable fiscal position. The budget deficit has reached a catastrophic magnitude, which is largely determined the collapse of the Soviet economy and the collapse of the state. So the obvious similarity in its effects the events of late 80″s and the prohibition of production of vodka after the First World War is interesting and hardly accidental.
It is also curious that in 1992 the pendulum went in the opposite direction - in strict accordance with Russia”s state tradition, Boris Yeltsin, completely abolished the state monopoly on vodka, thereby completely depriving the state “vodka” component of the budget and refreshing low quality country liquor. Restoring monopoly, followed a year later, nothing has given: the government failed to fully achieve the new decree. The consequences of this decision have not been overcome until now.
Two Comrades Were Serving
After the sale ISD is a few tens of non-core businesses. What future for these assets …
“Russian Alcohol” gone “Olympus”
Bank of Russia released in honor of the anniversary of a five-kilogram gold coin
In Kiev for parking on lawns fine even in winter
Judge: “weather” in the Ukrainian industry will do the one who gets control KGOKOR
BYuT broke into Mezhigorie
Increased cost without advertising
Surcharge for exterior
Kiev officials have developed a wage scale for inaccurate advertiscd8ers …
Air disaster